Analyzing Itten’s Color Theory in Painting

This essay concentrates on the topic about the seven color contrast which is drawn by a great Swiss expressionist painter named Johannes Itten. Thus, this paper would also render definite attention in analyzing and assessing the use of color in two different paintings which are made by two respective artists, through the use of the said seven color contrast done by Johannes Itten. The paper holds on to the purpose of comparing and contrasting the particular usage of color in the paintings of Leonardo Da Vinci (Virgin of the Rocks) and Jan van Eyck (The Arnolfini Portrait) by means of utilizing the color theory of Itten. The following would be discussed: †¢ Understanding Leonardo Da Vinci’s Virgin of the Rocks †¢ Discussion on Jan van Eyk’s The Arnolfini Portrait †¢ The Virgin Rock and The Arnolfini Portrait At the end of the paper, this would render definite information that would accordingly differentiate Leonardo Da Vinci’s (Virgin of the Rocks) and Jan van Eyck’s (The Arnolfini Portrait) in terms of utilizing colors in their paintings. Understanding Da Vinci’s The Virgin of the Rocks. Leonardo Da Vinci, as one of the great painters in the ancient history of painting, uses an approach and strategy in using color for the â€Å"Virgin of the Rocks† and/or sometimes referred to as â€Å"Madonna of the Rocks† which depicts the same characteristics of contrast between the light and dark.. Hence, as observable and evident in his painting, Leonardo Da Vinci’s primary use of color is set to provide a picture of artistic combination between the light and dark colors. Just like many great painters in his time, Da Vinci’s use of color in his painting is regarded to be monochromatic, wherein he mostly utilized various darker shades, grayer tones, and paler tints that render great detail distinguishing between the light and black. In the said painting, Da Vinci’s usage of light color is specifically situated in providing lucid details of the face and position of the objects and the surroundings that clearly reveals the shade of light and dark colors in the rocks. In other words, Leonardo Da Vinci’s basic usage of light and dark colors in the painting is his own approach in depicting the proper presentation of the effects of lighting in providing clarity and emotion to the visual. Thus, through this comprehensive observation, it can be said that Da Vinci’s use of color in â€Å"Virgin of the Rocks† falls under the category of â€Å"contrast of light and dark† and â€Å"contrast of saturation† in Itten’s seven color contrasts as his painting is mainly composed of light and dark colors which are accordingly and subtly used to signify single depiction. Discussion on Jan van Eyk’s The Arnolfini Portrait As per the painting and work of Jan van Eyck’s entitled â€Å"The Arnolfini Portrait,† which is also referred to as â€Å"The Arnolfini Wedding† and â€Å"The Arnolfini Marriage,† the primary stance and use of color portrays a relative significance and value in composition of the painting. Unlike Leonardo Da Vinci’s â€Å"Virgin on the Rocks,† where he mainly utilized light and dark colors, which resulted to a monochromatic painting, Jan van Eyck’s composition â€Å"The Arnolfini Portrait† is fundamentally filled with bright and glowing colors, which carry a single goal of depicting the wealthy lifestyle of â€Å"Giovanni di Nicolao Arnolfini,† the man who is with his wife in the painting. Jan van Eyck’s primary use of color in the said painting is set to depict life and draw a picture of realism. Thus, van Eyck’s has used different radiant colors to present and improve the accuracy of life and actual picture and fine details of the living room where Giovanni Arnolfini and his wife are standing. In addition this, through the use of radiant and lively colors, Jan van Eyck is able to render definite details in the painting such as the shadow of Giovanni Arnolfini and his wife and the shade of light that comes from the window. The use of bright colors also provides details on the lighting and the ray of light coming from the outside, which passes through the window that reflects on the half part of the chandelier and through the face of Giovanni Arnolfini and his wife. Thus, Jan van Eyck’s use of color for this painting is categorized as the contrast of complements. Virgin of the Rocks and The Arnolfini Portrait Through a thorough analysis and assessment of the two paintings, it is said that there are evident and observable similarities and differences in terms of the use of color. As per the similarities of the two paintings, it is evident that both of the painters, Leonardo Da Vinci and Jan van Eyck, have utilized colors in such a way that it supports their goal of depicting realism and presence of life in their objects in the painting. Thus, the two artist and their paintings are also equipped with the most suitable colors in establishing the presence of lighting and/or the source of luminosity in order to further highlight realism and life. In a sense, it can be said that the paintings and masterpieces of the two artists differ from each other in terms of their specific usage of certain types of colors. In constrast to the painting of Leonardo Da Vinci’s â€Å"Virgin of the Rocks,† Jan van Eyck has utilized mostly radiant and glowing type of colors to be able to highlight realism and enhance the genuine picture of life in Arnolfini’s wealthy life and the beauty of their living room together with his wife. Leonardo Da Vinci, on the other hand, has mainly utilized a combination of light and dark colors to present life and provide details of lighting in his painting, which render and draw the appropriate emotions of the image. In the end, it can be said that the classical paintings of Leonardo Da Vinci and Jan van Eyck, which are entitled â€Å"Virgin of the Rock† and â€Å"The Arnolfini Portrait† are identical in such a way that these two artist have used colors to be able to achieve their main artistic goals, which is that of depicting realism and putting more life into their works. Hence, the two paintings only differ from each other in terms of the particular colors that they use in its composition. As Leonarod Da Vinci has utilized more of the light and dark types of colors, Jan van Eyck has used mostly radiant and lustrous combinations of hues to enhance the quality of his painting and provide for the lively features of his depiction on the life Giovanni Arnolfini. Work Cited Itten's Color Contrasts. Creative Commons License. Viewed 12 March 2009 ;http://www.worqx.com/color/itten.htm;

Equilibrium Experiments

Aim: To investigate the theory of equilibrium via the completion of two experiments which rely on the use of equations TPLcos? +TPMcos?, which can be rewritten as (Mass Ag) cos?+(Mass Bg) cos?. For the second part of the investigation I will try to prove the equation (W*x)/d +weight of a ruler. Introduction In this investigation I will carry out two experiments, which in each case will prove a different aspect of the theory of equilibrium. There are two theories' I wish to prove. The first is † tension (Tpl) in the string Pl is equal to the weight of A and tension in the string pm (Tpm) is equal to the weight of B. For equilibrium the sum of the vertical components of these two tensions must be equal to the weight of c. Which means that: Tpl cos? + Tpmcos? = MassCg which can be written as (MassAg) cos ? +(MassBg) cos ? = MassCg (equ 1) Also: the moment of a force about a point is equal to the magnitude of the force x its perpendicular distance from the pivot. For equilibrium, the moment of the weight about the pivot will be equal to the moment in the opposite direction due to the weight of the ruler. Therefore (W*x)= weight of the ruler times distance d Weight of ruler = (W*x)/d. (equ 2) Diagram Method for experiment a 1. Set up the arrangement shown in figure 1, check that the point p is in equilibrium. 2. Note the value of masses A, B, and C and measure the angles LPO ? and MPO ?. 3. Keep masses A and B constant and note the new value of angles ? and ? for different values of mass C 4. Record results in tabular from. Method for experiment b 1. Set up apparatus as in fig 2. 2. Find point of equilibrium. 3. Note value for the mass used and the distances x and d. 4. Repeat last two stages for several sets of masses and record results in tabular form Calculation These where done on paper by hand for ease of presentation Error Analysis I have generated my errors on the fact that I thought that I could only read the I choose the error of. The way in which I got the final answer out was to run through the calculation twice, once with the answer I got – the error and then again this time with the answer I got + the error. I think that in the first experiment I was a little over the top with the error. I said that I could read the angle to about 5. But when I did the calculation again with the new values. I found that the gap was quite large. And that I was quite close to the true value and that although the value did fall in the gap, the gap could have been a lot smaller. This say to me that the error need not have been so large, and that I read the angle quite well. For exp B Conclusion In conclusion I have found out that equ 1 stand true. In the aim I set out to see if I could prove it I have put in all the results. The answers I get out are generally good. They are the same as the mass or in the cases were they are not they are close and fall well in the range of the errors. Problems with this experiment: the main problem I had with this experiment is the way I was told to find the angle. This way was not that accurate. It left a large margin for error. This is some of the anomalies may have crept in. For the second of the two experiments I found that the mass of the ruler was 0.128g. This was obtained by weighting the ruler on a set of scales. After putting the numbers through the formula for weight of ruler, and then dividing the output by g, which was 10, I managed to get a value for the mass of the ruler. On average this value was 0.119g, which is only about 7% away form the real mass of 0.128g.on farther analysis and after calculating the upper and lower bounds by changing the results by adding or subtracting the errors I found that the outcome from adding the errors to the results and the outcome from subtracting the errors was the same, 0.119g. This meant that the error was not a large enough value to affect the results a significant way. Therefore finally I found that the mass on the ruler to 0.119g this is 7% out for the value, which I recorded as the mass for the ruler. The reason for this is unknown. I can only guess to the reason. One possibility is the mass I recorded for the ruler was out. And as my results are so consistent this is a large possibility.

The Origin and Decline of the Papal States

The Papal States were territories in central Italy that were directly governed by the papacy—not only spiritually but in a temporal, secular sense. The extent of papal control, which officially began in 756 and lasted until 1870, varied over the centuries, as did the geographical boundaries of the region. Generally, the territories included present-day Lazio (Latium), Marche, Umbria, and part of Emilia-Romagna. The Papal States were also known as the Republic of Saint Peter, Church States, and the Pontifical States; in Italian, Stati Pontifici or Stati della Chiesa. Origins of the Papal States The bishops of Rome first acquired lands around the city in the 4th century; these lands were known as the Patrimony of St. Peter. Beginning in the 5th century, when the Western Empire officially came to an end and the influence of the Eastern (Byzantine) Empire in Italy weakened, the power of the bishops, who were now often called papa or pope, increased as the populace turned to them for aid and protection. Pope Gregory the Great, for example, did a great deal to help refugees from invading Lombards and even managed to establish peace with the invaders for a time. Gregory is credited with consolidating the papal holdings into a unified territory. While officially the lands that would become the Papal States were considered part of the Eastern Roman Empire, for the most part, they were overseen by officers of the Church. The official beginning of the Papal States came in the 8th century. Thanks to the Eastern empires increased taxation and inability to protect Italy, and, more especially, the emperors views on iconoclasm, Pope Gregory II broke with the empire, and his successor, Pope Gregory III, upheld the opposition to the iconoclasts. Then, when the Lombards had seized Ravenna and were on the verge of conquering Rome, Pope Stephen II (or III) turned to the King of the Franks, Pippin III (the Short). Pippin promised to restore the captured lands to the pope; he then succeeded in defeating the Lombard leader, Aistulf, and made him return the lands the Lombards had captured to the papacy, ignoring all Byzantine claims to the territory. Pippins promise and the document that recorded it in 756 are known as the Donation of Pippin and provide the legal foundation for the Papal States. This is supplemented by the Treaty of Pavia, in which Aistulf officially ceded conquered lands to the bishops of Rome. Scholars theorize that the forged Donation of Constantine was created by an unknown cleric around about this time, as well. Legitimate donations and decrees by Charlemagne, his son Louis the Pious and his grandson Lothar I confirmed the original foundation and added to the territory. The Papal States Through the Middle Ages Throughout the volatile political situation in Europe over the next few centuries, the popes managed to maintain control over the Papal States. When the Carolingian Empire broke up in the 9th century, the papacy fell under the control of the Roman nobility. This was a dark time for the Catholic Church, for some of the popes were far from saintly; but the Papal States remained strong because preserving them was a priority of the secular leaders of Rome. In the 12th century, commune governments began to rise in Italy; although the popes did not oppose them in principle, those that were established in papal territory proved problematic, and strife even led to revolts in the 1150s. Yet the Republic of Saint Peter continued to expand. For example, Pope Innocent III capitalized on conflict within the Holy Roman Empire to press his claims, and the emperor recognized the Churchs right to Spoleto. The fourteenth century brought serious challenges. During the Avignon Papacy, papal claims to Italian territory were weakened by the fact that the popes no longer actually lived in Italy. Things grew even worse during the Great Schism when rival popes tried to run things from both Avignon and Rome. Ultimately, the schism was ended, and the popes concentrated on rebuilding their dominance over the Papal States. In the fifteenth century, they saw considerable success, once again due to the focus on temporal over spiritual power displayed by such popes as Sixtus IV. In the early sixteenth century, the Papal States saw their greatest extent and prestige, thanks to the warrior-pope Julius II. The Decline of the Papal States But it wasnt long after the death of Julius that the Reformation signaled the beginning of the end of the Papal States. The very fact that the spiritual head of the Church should have so much temporal power was one of the many aspects of the Catholic Church that reformers, who were in the process of becoming Protestants, objected to. As secular powers grew stronger they were able to chip away at papal territory. The French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars also did damage to the Republic of Saint Peter. Eventually, during the course of Italian unification in the 19th century, the Papal States were annexed to Italy. Beginning in 1870, when the annexation of the papal territory put an official end to the Papal States, the popes were in a temporal limbo. This came to an end with the Lateran Treaty of 1929, which set up Vatican City as an independent state.

India And Human Trafficking India - 1565 Words

India and Human Trafficking. India is a very diverse country. It is located in the Asia continent and holds a population of over 1.2 billion people, making it the second largest populated country of the world. Its languages, religions, traditions and food are just an example of this assortment. The national languages for India are English and Hindi even though, â€Å"there are about 22 official languages and nearly 400 living languages spoken in various parts of the country† (Zimmermann, 2013). Throughout history, different types of religions have been practiced in India, today, most of its population practices Hindu. â€Å"84 percent — of the population identifies as Hindu† (Zimmermann, 2013). Which is believed to not be a religion, but a way of†¦show more content†¦A man without sons might adopt one from among the man’s male kin, or take another wife or concubine† (Gupta, 161). Owning a piece of land is very important. It is the key to survival and power. Land is an à ¢â‚¬Å"insurance policy against unforeseen difficult times† (investing in India, 9) Owning a piece of land is just as important as owning your own house, but now, because of overpopulation and the expensiveness of buying a home, it is becoming more difficult for Indians to own a house. Indians see it as a shameful thing to live in a rented house. Because of this, some people turn to the easy path and easy money making business. Human trafficking is a very difficult subject to talk about as well as difficult to exercise justice over. Its definition according to the United Nations, â€Å"Refers to the recruitment, transportation, purchase, sale, transfer, harboring, or receipt of persons: by threat, use of violence, abduction, use of force, fraud, deception, or coercion (including abuse of authority or of a position of vulnerability), or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another or debt bondage, for the purpose of exploitation which includes prostitution or for placing or holding such person, whether for pay or not, in forced labor or slavery-like practices, in a community other than the one in which such person lived at the time of the original act described† (Gupta, 375). Human trafficking is veryShow MoreRelatedSex Trafficking in India978 Words   |  4 Pagesarticle elaborates on the history of sex slavery in India. It points out that laws have recently been put into place against human trafficking. 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Ladies and children – young men what s more young ladies – have been presented to uncommon vulnerabilitiesRead MoreChild Welfare Committee / Juvenile Justice Board968 Words   |  4 Pagesfocus on the prevention of trafficking among children and protection of the child victims are: ï‚ § SAARTHAK: working in Delhi focus on providing mental health resources and process for the victims after rescued. ï‚ § RESCUE FOUNDATION: working in Maharashtra and runs shelter home with facilities such as counseling, training (vocational and life-skills), legal assistance, health care services (physical and psychological) and consequent repatriation. ï‚ § PRAJWALA: anti trafficking organisation based in HyderabadRead MoreThe Problem Of Trafficking Of Kids1417 Words   |  6 PagesTrafficking in people, particularly in ladies, and kids has turned into a matter of genuine national and universal concern. Ladies and kids – young men what s more young ladies – have been presented to uncommon vulnerabilities business misuse of these vulnerabilities has turned into an enormous composed wrongdoing and a multimillion dollar business. Countries are endeavoring to battle this exchange human wretchedness through administrative, official, legal and social activity. Trafficking of kidsRead MoreThe Causes And Factors For The Trafficking Essay971 Words   |  4 PagesROOT CAUSES OF TRAFFICKING Causes and the factors for the trafficking are diverse among nation to another nation. It includes various social, economic and cultural factors. There are some common factors like the gender wise more girls are trafficked for forced sexual exploitation which is seen in many nations. Poverty, armed conflicts, political unrest, lacking enforcement of human rights and natural disasters etc will increase the trafficking of human. 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Cause and Effect of Social Media Essay - 888 Words

The 21st century is defined by its obsession and advancements in technology, the younger generation in particular. Technology plays as a key factor in most lives, social media especially. Among the most popular of social media are Facebook, Twitter and Instagram, all with the main purpose to share or view personal information and experiences, communicate with others and meet new people on social or professional grounds. There are several positives and negatives effects associated with social media, making it a topic of debate whether it is creating more good or harm for today’s society. We use technology as the number one means of communication, and social media has made communicating with each other even easier. We have the ability to†¦show more content†¦There have been situations where people have been lured to meet up with who they’d consider a friend under false pretenses. Getting catfished can put one in a dangerous situation. Facebook, twitter and instag ram are all methods used to share your life with others. You’re able to post pictures and type statuses to inform your friends, followers, etc., what you have been up to and how you have been living your life. Adults usually post pictures and statuses focusing on their family, trips and special events in their lives, while the younger generation takes social media a lot more serious. Every moment of their lives are put out there for the world to see, sometimes without the realization. Teenagers on social media are always trying to impress and one up each other. They sometimes post inappropriate material to try to look as cool as possible without realizing that ultimately employers, teachers, parents, law enforcement and strangers all have the ability to see. The problem is once something is on the internet it is there forever, and if caught you can find yourself in major trouble. Often when we’re bored we turn to social media for entertainment. We can check up on famil y friends or see what the hottest celebrity is up to. Then before we know it, our simple amusement becomes a huge distraction. The amount of people we can connect with on social media is endless and they are all so unique, we canShow MoreRelatedCauses And Effects Of Social Media1049 Words   |  5 Pageswhat effect social media has on people worldwide. Many people are using social media daily and because of that, they might not know the effects that can be lurking behind a screen and causing harm to their mental health. Social media has many negative effects on mental health. Some people could think that mental health and social media has no relation, when it does. It is a fast-growing issue with many â€Å"cause and effect† reasons behind it. 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There are many applications for social media, some of which are Twitter, MySpace, and Facebook. With the rapid evolution of social media, people believe that social media is impacting teenagers in a negative way. However, some believe that there are positive effects. The negative effects ofRead MoreNegative Effects Of Social Media1350 Words   |  6 Pagestoday’s society, social media is an important tool that many people use daily for various purposes. On social media, people share their opinions, events in their lives, and news. They also use social media as a tool for entertainment and as a way of keeping in touch with their friends. Because of its various uses, the use of social media increased very significantly over the years and it is no surprise that many scholars from different disciplines took an interest in the use of social media. These scholars

Research Essay Directors Duties - Click To Get Solution

Question: Discuss about the Research Essay for Directors Duties. Answer: Inroduction: The definition of the term director is present in section 9, Corporations Act, 2001. This definition provides that a person can be described as a director of a company if that person has been validly appointed as the director or as an alternative director. At the same time, this definition also includes a persons, who are not violate the appointed to this position but such person has been acting as a director. In this way, de facto directors are also included in this definition. In the same way, the Corporations Act provides that a person will be considered as a director even if such a person has not been duly appointed to this position if the other directors of the corporation have been accustomed to act in accordance with instructions given by such a person. In this assignment, an examination has been made of the duties that have been imposed on the directors. Along with this research, the evolution of these duties and the role played by the directors in this regard has also been c onsidered. There are resources in Australia under which, duties have been prescribed for the directors. Therefore, the common law, statute law and the constitution of a corporation provides for certain duties for the directors. The aim of introducing these duties for the directors is to support good corporate governance in Australia. According to these duties, the directors have an obligation to prefer the interests of their corporation in comparison to their own interests (Sweeney, OReilly and Coleman, 2013). In this context, certain obligations have been prescribed for the directors by the common law, like the obligation of the directors to act bona fide and in the interests of their corporation. According to the duties that have been prescribed for the directors, the directors must act in good faith. While deciding if the directors have fulfilled this duty, the courts may use the subjective test of scrupulousness. Therefore, the law will consider a director to be in breach of these obligations if the director had not properly considered the interests of corporation properly (Vermeesch and Lindgren, 2011). For instance, there can be a situation where the director comes to know that the interests of his corporation resemble the directors individual interest and consequently, he had not considered the interests of the company as a distinct body. In this context, a duty has been mentioned under the common law according to which, the directors have been restrained from performing for an improper purpose. The duty has been enacted on the directors for the purpose of making sure that the powers given to the directors are not used by them for any inappropriate purpose. In this context, a purpose can be described as inappropriate for example where a personal advantage has been achieved by the director or where the director was trying to overthrow the voting power of the company's shareholders by forming a new majority. In case of such a situation, it has been provided by the common law that raising capital or making efforts to achieve an advantage from a genuine commercial prospect that is accessible to the company can be described as a proper purpose. In the same way, the law also allows the directors to promote their own interests when doing so, they are involved in promoting the interests of their company. An objective test has to be used for the purpose of determining if the powers given to the directors, have been used for proper purpose. An example can be given a situation where the company is going to borrow money and it needs to be considered if the need for borrowing the money is real or not. In the same way, if the inappropriate purpose of the directors was the main reason or one of the main reasons for taking such a decision, the court will consider the decision as unacceptable when except the improper purpose, such decision would not be taken. For deciding such cases, the law provides that when the powers given to the directors have been used for an improper purpose, such acts can be avoided by the company. Under the common law, the duty of care and diligence is also applicable for the directors. The duty requires that the directors should stay mindful regarding the monetary position of the corporation, which includes the solvency of the corporation. In this context, it has been provided by the law that it is a very important obligation and is applicable even if the responsibility to keep an eye on the financial position of the corporation has been given to another person. It is also been mentioned in this context that the directors cannot use their unawareness concerning the affairs, mainly when the unawareness is of their own making. In view of this responsibility, it becomes the obligation of the directors to ask questions related with the information that has been provided to them regarding the company. This is necessary for the purpose of making sure that the information dealing with the company is capable of revealing the correct financial position. The effect of this obligation is that the directors should not simply agree to whatever material has been provided to them. In order to discharge this duty, the directors have to make independent/informed conclusion about the matters that have been put before them in board meetings. In this way, the director has to play a role of a guide and monitor. The common law also requires that the directors are under obligation to use their own discretion (Lipton, Herzberg and Welsh, 2016). This duty requires t he directors to refrain from putting themselves in such a situation where they find it difficult to make favorable decisions for their company. For example, such a situation will arise when during a commercial transaction; a director finds it difficult to take decisions on behalf of company. Consequently, in view of this obligation, the directors should not enter into the transactions where they may have to give preference to be interests of a third-party instead of the interests of their company. It is also an obligation based on the directors to avoid any conflicts of interest (Harris, Hargovan andAdams, 2015). Apart from the common law duties, the obligations levied on the directors have also been included in the Corporations Act, 2001. The reason behind the introduction of these duties is to encourage good governance and also to safeguard the business and investors. For example, section 180(1) describes the duty of the directors to exercise due care and diligence. As stated by this section, the directors of a company should use their powers and discharge their duties with the same care and diligence that can be expected from any other reasonable person if the person was a director or an officer of the corporation under comparable situations and held the same position and had similar responsibilities in the company as the director. For this purpose, it is required that independent and informed judgments are made by the directors (AWA Ltd v Daniels, 1992). Apart from it, the law also states that the directors cannot claim ignorance concerning the affairs of the company, in case the ignoranc e regarding the affairs of the companies of their own making (Statewide Tobacco Services Ltd v Morley, 1990). Simultaneously, section 181(1) of the Act has imposed the duty of good faith and proper purpose on the directors of corporations. According to this section, it has been provided that a director is under an obligation to use their powers and discharge their duties in good faith and in the best interests of the company. Similarly it is also required that these powers and should be exercised by the directors/officers for a proper purpose. It can be said that the duty of good faith is breached by the directors if it can be said that the directors have subjectively failed to give proper consideration to the interests of the company like the shareholders of the company as a collective group (Walker v Wimborne, 1976). Apart from it, an objective standard can also be applied, according to which it has to be seen if any other honest and intelligent person, acting in the same position and keeping in view the relevant circumstances would have reasonably believe that such a transaction was in fact beneficial for the corporation (Kinsela v Russell 1986). On the other hand, taking advantage of a real commercially favorable opportunity can be described as a proper purpose (Pine Vale Investments Ltd v East Ltd East Ltd., 1983) or to raise investment for the corporation (Comptroller of Stamps v Howard-Smith, 1936). But it cannot be described as a proper purpose is the directors are going to achieve an advantage for themselves (Mills v Mills, 1938) or if they are going to create new majority in order to defeat the voting power of the minority shareholders of the corporation. One more noteworthy duty has been imposed on the directors by s 182. Therefore, this section states that it is the obligation of the directors not use their position improperly. This obligation will be pleased by the directors if it is found that the directors involving conduct with an intention and the purpose of attaining an advantage or for producing a loss to the company, and in such cases, the outcome of such conduct is not relevant (R v Byrnes, 1995). Section 182 also provides that a breach of this section will take place if the director is involved in conduct for gaining an advantage or producing a loss to the corporation, irrespective of the fact if such conduct has achieved such a benefit or caused the loss. Section 191 provides for the obligation of the directors according to which in case the directors have a material personal interest regarding a transaction, it is the duty of the director to notify other directors of the company regarding the presence of such a conflict of interest. It is said that such a conflict of interest is present if the director has a material personal interest related with any method that is concerned with the companys affairs and in such a case, the director is required to give a notice to the other directors unless the notice is not required under subsection 2. Another important duty is present in section 588G of the Act. The provision states the duty of the directors to prevent insolvent trading. This section provides that it will be considered that the director has broken the obligation to prevent insolvent trading if a person is a director at the relevant time when a debt has been incurred by the company and either the company is insolvent or it may become insolvent after incurring the debt and practical grounds were present for such a person to doubt that either the corporation is insolvent or may become so and the person is aware of these grounds or any other reasonable person should be aware of these grounds under comparable conditions (Woodgate v Davis, 2002). References Harris, J. Hargovan, A. and Adams, M. 2015, Australian Corporate Law LexisNexis Butterworths 5th edition Lipton P, Herzberg A and Welsh, M, 2016, Understanding Company Law, 18th edition, Thomson Reuters Sweeney, OReilly Coleman, 2013, Law in Commerce, 5th Ed., LexisNexis Vermeesch,R B, Lindgren, K E, 2011, Business Law of Australia Butterworths, 12th Edition AWA Ltd v Daniels (1992) 7 ACSR 759 Comptroller of Stamps v Howard-Smith (1936) 54 CLR 614 Kinsela v Russell Kinsela Pty Ltd (in liq) (1986) 4 NSWLR 722 Mills v Mills (1938) 60 CLR 150 at 185 Pine Vale Investments Ltd v East Ltd East Ltd Anor (1983) 8 ACLR 199 R v Byrnes (1995) 130 ALR 529 Statewide Tobacco Services Ltd v Morley (1990) 2 ACSR 405 Walker v Wimborne (1976) 137 CLR 1 Woodgate v Davis (2002) 55 NSWLR 222.

Sun Also Rises And Jake Barnes Essays - English-language Films

Sun Also Rises And Jake Barnes People often mentally distance themselves from their peers do to flaws and irregularities that they may suffer from. In The Sun Also Rises Jake Barnes constantly seems to be distanced and un willing to accept the people and environment that he lives in. The impotence that Jake Barnes physically suffers from leads him to suffer from mental impotence regarding the reality of his actions and the environment in which he lives. Aside from Jakes own actions, this impotence is reflected through supporting characters such as Brett and Cohn by the authors' use of the literary devices parody and irony. Jake Barnes is a veteran ex-patriot of WWI living in Paris, France. During the war Jake received a wound that led him into a life of physical impotence. While in a hospital Jake met and fell in love with Lady Brett Ashley whom he desires throughout the novel. Jake is the editor of a newspaper in France, yet his life circulates around his journey to find meaning and acceptance into society. Jake is often measuring the morals of others and trying to find an appropriate way to go about his own life. Jake and the other characters, who suffer from similar mental impotency for one reason or another, are often found to be drinking and seeking sexual relations. Through these actions Jake is attempting to numb himself to the reality that is the world he lives in yet does not understand. Jake goes to bars and drinks so that he might escape from the turmoil his meaningless life has become. Jake is often found to be making attempts to please Brett in any way possible, through this he reveals that he is attempting to gain her acceptance and affection but does not realize that many of these actions are only leading her further from him. Jake feels unaccepted because that he cannot participate in a ritualistic part of the lives that his peers exploit, sex. The use of parody in The Sun Also Rises allows for the reader to relate the characters different experiences to their impotence. I one of the first scenes Jake is found riding in an horse drawn open air taxi with a prostitute whom he has picked up to keep him company and give the appearance that he is promiscuous. Just after this incident Jake is riding in an enclosed taxi with Brett participating in an emotional struggle. The first scene is romantic and flagrant with its appealing environmental descriptions and fancy carriage whereas in the second scene the surroundings depict construction and a more dismal environment, not at all romantic. This parody is relevant because that Jake did not want to be exposed to the rest of the world when his body did not accept Brett, yet in the carriage with the prostitute he was merely attempting to appear as if he were a part of the sexual atmosphere that he lives in. Jake spends the entire novel searching for the affection of Lady Brett, yet in many instances urges her to go and be with other men. Through such irony it is revealed that Jake wants more than anything to make Brett happy. When Jakes handicap does not allow him to be with Brett he attempts to please her by finding others that can do so. By doing so Jakes emotions are only damaged to a greater extent yet he sees it as rational. Jake becomes jealous and angry after Cohn has an affair with Brett because that he believes that Cohn is the only one in his circle of friends who has not become disillusioned and daunted by society. The Sun Also Rises is the story of Jake Barnes' search for a way to go about living his life and find acceptance. Throughout the novel the reader is allowed to see what is wrong with his life and what he is doing wrong in his attempts to fix it. Jake does not grasp that he has the ability to gain Brett's acceptance without being her sexual partner.